The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Uzbekistan over 2023-2028. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by extended ("other") households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 57.1% by 2028.

The number of households is set to increase slightly, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Uruguay over 2024-2029. Single person households will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by couples without children. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 96.3% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Turkmenistan over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 62.1% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Paraguay over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by extended ("other") households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 65.6% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Panama over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 72% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Laos over 2024-2029. Extended ("Other") households will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 44.9% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Honduras over 2024-2029. Extended ("Other") households will remain the dominant household type and the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by extended ("other") households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 66.1% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Kazakhstan over 2024-2029. Extended ("Other") households will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 63.7% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Bolivia over 2024-2029. Extended ("Other") households will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 70.8% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase slightly, while the average household size will remain unchanged in El Salvador over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 79.3% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will remain unchanged in Dominican Republic over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 87.8% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Costa Rica over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by extended ("other") households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 85.4% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Guatemala over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by extended ("other") households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 62.9% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Cambodia over 2024-2029. Couples with children will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 45.7% by 2029.

The number of households is set to increase moderately, while the average household size will shrink in Azerbaijan over 2024-2029. Extended ("Other") households will remain the dominant household type but the fastest household expenditure growth is forecast to be recorded by single person households. In addition, the share of households living in urban areas is projected to expand to 60% by 2029.

As consumers grow more cautious, understanding shifts in global income and expenditure is essential for future-focused strategic planning. Businesses must adapt to evolving purchasing power and spending patterns to uncover actionable growth opportunities. With robust income gains anticipated across emerging markets, particularly in Asia, proactive strategies will be crucial.

In 2024, global disposable income per capita growth slowed to 2% in real terms, with a further slowdown expected in 2025. Amidst geopolitical uncertainty and economic turbulence, consumers are becoming increasingly strategic about their spending. By identifying key demand shifts and providing actionable insights, this report equips businesses to serve value-focused consumers, tap into underserved markets, and capitalise on emerging growth opportunities.

Significant shifts in US policies on tariffs, taxation, spending, regulation, migration, AI/tech, and energy are expected to impact the global economy and key industries like food and drinks, health and beauty, home and tech, travel, and automotive. Trump's policies can undermine global economic growth, affect consumer sentiment, risk higher prices, and disrupt production and distribution network. However, some opportunities will arise as the global supply chain rewires and consumers adapt.

Millennials, a 1.7 billion cohort, comprising 21% of the global population, currently hold the highest collective gross income across all generations. While facing financial caution, time crunches and value dilemmas, they still offer significant growth potential. Brands must leverage data-driven strategies to address the current challenges and meet emerging needs.

Inhalation - one of the most common modes of consumption globally - is undergoing a rapid transformation. This report assesses the significant risks for those companies who fail to address that change and the huge opportunities for those who can leverage science, technology and new substance frontiers to reimagine inhalation’s role in future societies.

Mature consumers (60+) will be a key driver of consumption, set to comprise 19% of the global population and generate 31% of gross income by 2040. Their spending will more than double in coming decades, fuelled by rising demand for discretionary solutions. Challenging stereotypes, leveraging multi-metric analysis, and embracing needs-based innovation can help businesses unlock lasting opportunities in this expanding segment.

In 2025, global economies and consumers will be shaped by geopolitics, potential US policy disruptions and demographic shifts. Businesses will face both challenges and opportunities arising from sluggish economic and income growth, increasing trade protectionism and tariff risks, regulatory pressure, consumer cautiousness and the growing influence of the 65+ age group.

In 2023, Brazil saw the dominance of households with children due to traditional family lifestyles, while a shift towards smaller families was increasingly evident. Urbanisation and increased female participation in education and the workforce were influencing household types and birth rates, notably resulting in smaller household sizes. The country's socioeconomic landscape was being shaped by urbanisation, changing family structures, and digitalisation.

In 2023, Ireland’s leading household type was couples with children, but a shift towards smaller families and single person households was evident. Furthermore, urbanisation is a significant trend, with the urban population and disposable income expected to rise by 2028. Despite a decrease in the birth rate and an economic slowdown, the forecast for 2023-2028 is optimistic, with an increase in disposable income and consumer expenditure, and an expanding digital landscape.